為便于廣大泉科瑞達客戶相關品控、質量管理或研發人員更好的了解ASTM D4991-2007(2015) Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum Method標準的相關內容，泉科瑞達特別整理了ASTM D4991-2007(2015) 用真空法進行空瓶罐泄漏試驗的標準試驗方法中文翻譯。

一、ASTM D4991-2007(2015)標準大體情況
 
標準號：ASTM D4991-2007(2015)
中文標準名稱：用真空法進行空瓶罐泄漏試驗的標準試驗方法
英文標準名稱：Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum Method
 
Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum Method1
真空法檢驗空硬容器泄漏的標準試驗方法1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4991: the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperseript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
本標準以ASTM D4991發布;名稱后面的編號表示最初通過的年份，或者在修訂的情況下，最后一次修訂的年份。括號中的數字表示上次重新批準的年份。上標epsilon(e)表示自上次修訂或重新批準以來的編輯更改。

二、ASTM D4991-2007(2015)標準內容及翻譯

1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the testing of empty containersfor resistance to leakage under differential pressure conditionssuch as those which can occur during air transport. It is suitablefor testing rigid containers intended for the transportation ofsome hazardous liquids in accordance with the United NationsRecommendations On The Transport Of Dangerous Goods(UN TDG) and the International Civil Aviation OrganizationTechnical Instructions For The Safe Transport Of DangerousGoods By Air (CAO TIs).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,ifany,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility ofthe user ofthis standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and deterine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.

1.范圍
1.1本試驗方法包括空容器在不同壓力條件下的耐泄漏性試驗，例如在空運過程中可能發生的情況。它適用于根據聯合國關于危險貨物運輸的建議書(UNTDG)和國際民用航空組織關于危險貨物安全航空運輸的技術指示(ICAOTI)運輸某些危險液體的硬質容器的測試。
1.2本標準無意解決與其使用相關的所有安全問題如果有的話)。本標準的使用者有責任在使用前建立適當的安全和健康實踐，并確定法規限制的適用性。
 
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standands:
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-ments
D3078 Test Method for Determination of Leaks in FlexiblePackaging by Bubble Emission
2.2 United Nations Document:
ST/SG/AC.10/1 Recommendations On The Transport OfDangerous Goods
2.3 International Civil Aviation Organization:DOC 9284-AN/905 Technical Instructions For The SafeTransport Of Dangerous Goods By Air

2.參考文件
2.1美國材料學會標準:2
D996包裝和分銷環境術語
D3078用氣泡排放法測定軟包裝中泄漏的試驗方法
2.2聯合國文件:ST/SG/AC.10/1關于危險貨物運輸的建議
2.3國際民用航空組織DOC9284-AN/905危險貨物航空安全運輸技術規程
 
3. Terminology
3.1 Defnitions: Terms and defnitions used in this testmethod may be found in Terminology D996.
3.2 Defnitions of Terms Specifc to This Standard:3.2.1 rigid container-a container suficiently rigid thatunder a positive pressure of 100-kPa gage the volumetricexpansion does not exceed 0.5 %, such as a glass bottle.

3.術語
3.1定義:本試驗方法中使用的術語和定義可在術語D996中找到。
3.2本標準專用術語的定義:3.2.1硬質容器---種足夠堅硬的容器，在100kPa表壓的正壓力下，體積膨脹不超過0.5%，如玻璃瓶.
 
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 An empty rigid container to be tested is pressurized byimmersion in an ethylene glycol-water solution in a transparenttest chamber and subjected to a gradually increasing partialvacuum.The container is observed for signs of leakage, asevidenced by escaping air bubbles during depressurization orfuid in the container after re-pressurization.
 
4.試驗方法總結
4.1將待測試的空剛性容器浸入乙二醇-水溶液中，通過在透明的測試室中對該容器加壓，并使其經受逐漸增加的部分真空。觀察容器是否有泄漏跡象，如減壓過程中逸出氣泡或再加壓后容器中的液體.
 
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Containers may be pressurized in accordance with thistest method without modification to the closure or to the bodyof the container. This test method may be used for testing rigidcontainers intended for the transportation of some liquids by airin accordance with the ICAO Ts or in accordance with the UNTDG.
5.2 This test method establishes the point at which leakagecommences, with a limit of approximately 95-kPa(13.8-psi)differential. See Test Method D3078 for fexible packages.
5.3 This test method may not be suitable for some packages,such as packages with paper cap seals, where the test fluid mayrapidly deteriorate the packaging.

5.意義和用途
5.1可按照本試驗方法對容器加壓，而不對封閉件或容器體作任何改動。本試驗方法可用于試驗按照民航組織技術規程或按照聯合國運輸危險貨物條例空運某些液體的硬質容器。
5.2本試驗方法確定泄漏開始的點，其極限值約為95kPa(13.8psi)的壓差。見軟包裝的試驗方法D3078。
5.3本試驗方法可能不適用于某些包裝件，如紙蓋密封的包裝件，在這些包裝件中，試驗液可能會使包裝件迅速變質。
 
6.Apparatus


6.1 Transparent Vessel,large enough to permit the testspecimen(s)to be immersed in the test fuid with a minimumheadspace of 20 %, capable of withstanding at least 1 ½-atmpressure differential, fitted with a fat vacuum-tight cover isrequired.
6.2 Vacuum Gage, Inlet Tube from a Source ofVacuum, andOutlet Tube to the Atmosphere, shall be sealed into the cover.The inlet and outlet tubes shall be equipped with handoperatedvalves.The vacuum gage shall be laboratory quality with afull-scale range from0to 100 kPa(0 to 14.5 psi)with minimum graduations no greater than 2 kPa (0.3 psi)andaccuracy to within l %. A suitable moisture trap, to preventback-fow of liquid, should be fitted between the vacuum gageand the source of vacuum.
6.3 Solution ofEthylene Glycol in Water; 50 % by Volumefor use as a test fuid, at ambient temperature unless otherwisespecified,is required.Where a test temperature other thanambient is specified, the solution shall be at the specified testtemperature. Other solutions may be required for high and lowtemperatures.
NoTe 1-If ethylene glycol antifreeze solution is used, it should beclarified by filtering through activated charcoal.
6.4 A suitable means to hold the test specimen(s) with theclosure(s)not more than 25 mm (1 in.) under the surface of thetest fuid is required, The method of restraint should not affectthe results of the test.

6.儀器

6.1透明容器，其罐容應足以使試樣浸入試驗液中，且頂部空間至少為20%，能承受至少1 1/2大氣壓的壓差，并配有真空密封蓋。
6.2真空計，來自真空源的進氣管，和通向大氣的出口管，應密封到蓋內。入口管和出口管應配備手動閥門。真空計必須是實驗室質量的，全量程范圍從0到100kPa(0到14.5 psi)，并帶有最小刻度（分辯率）不大于2 kPa（0.3 psi）(0.3Psi)和精度到1%以內。應在真空計和真空源之間安裝一個合適的水分收集器（油水分離器），以防止液體回流。
6.3除非另有規定，否則要求在環境溫度下使用50%體積比的乙二醇水溶液作為試驗流體。如果規定了環境溫度以外的試驗溫度，則溶液應處于規定的試驗溫度高溫和低溫可能需要其他解決方案。
注1:如果使用乙二醇防凍液，應通過活性炭過濾澄清。
6.4需要有一種適當的方法來保持試驗樣品，封閉裝置在試驗流體表面下不超過25毫米(1英寸)。約束的方法不應影響測試的結果。
 
7. Test Specimens
7.1 Test specimens shall consist of containers, includingtheir closures. Test specimens of containers which are inproduction shall be representative samples, taken at random.7.2 Containers shall be empty containers which previouslycontained any substance and were cleaned of the contents priorto testing.New containers and closures,where available.should be used.
7.3 Each container shall be closed for testing in the samemanner as it would be closed for actual shipment. All closuresshall be installed using the techniques or torques specified bythe closure manufacturer, container manufacturer, or shipperClose containers at ambient pressure and temperature.
7.4 Where a test temperature other than ambient is specified,the sample containers shall be conditioned at the test tempera-ture for at least 24 h, and until they reach equilibrium oftemperature with the conditioning atmosphere.7.5 Unless otherwise specifed, test at least three specimens.
 
7.試樣
7.1試樣必須由容器組成，包括容器的封閉裝置。在生產中的容器的試樣應是隨機抽取的具有代表性的試樣。
7.2容器必須是空的容器，先前裝有任何物質，并在試驗前清除了內裝物。新的容器和密封件，如果有的話。應該使用。
7.3每個集裝箱封閉測試的方式應與封閉實際裝運的方式相同。所有密封件應在環境壓力和溫度下，采用密封件制造商、容器制造商或運輸商密封容器規定的技術或扭矩進行安裝。
7.4規定了環境溫度以外的試驗溫度。樣品容器應在試驗溫度下調節至少24小時，直到它們達到與調節氣氛的溫度平衡。
7.5除非另有規定，至少測試三個試件。
 
8.Preparation of Apparatus
8.儀器的準備
 
8.1 Assemble the apparatus in accordance with Fig1.
8.1按照圖1裝配設備。

圖1真空法容器泄漏試驗的典型試驗裝置

 

 
8.2 Prior to testing,draw a vacuum to at least 95-kPa(13.8-psi)differential and maintain this vacuum for 10 min inorder to remove air dissolved in the test fluid.
8.2在測試之前，將真空度抽至至少95-kPa(13.8-psi)的壓差，并保持該真空度10分鐘，以去除溶解在測試流體中的空氣。.
 
9.Procedure
9.1 Immerse the test specimens in the ethylene glycol-watersolution inside the transparent test chamber. Remove as manybubbles as possible from the outer surface of the test specimensby agitation or other means.
9.1.1 More than one specimen can be tested at one timeprovided that there is suffcient space in the test chamber toallow clear observation of each specimen. If this is done, afxthe test specimens so closures are suffciently separated topermit individual observation of each, to detect leakage.
9.2 Seal the lid, open the hand valve on the inlet tube, andclose the hand valve on the outlet tube to the atmosphere. Turnon the vacuum so that the gage rises slowly(from 30 s to 1min)to a p截(Alt + Afferential of 95 kPa (13.8 psi), or otherspecifed pressure differential. The vacuum can be controlledby cracking open the hand valve on the outlet tube. During therise in vacuum, observe the test specimen(s)for leakage asevidenced by a continuous stream or recurring succession ofsmall bubbles. Isolated bubbles caused by trapped air are notconsidered evidence of leakage. Maintain the vacuum for aminimum of 10 min.For test specimens which are singlepackagings or combination packagings in whole or part ofplastic material, maintain the vacuum for 30 min. Then turn thevacuum off and release it slowly by opening the hand valve onthe outlet tube. Keep the test specimen(s) immersed for at least30s at ambient pressure. Remove the test specimen(s)andexamine the inside for fuid.
9.3 Leakage is indicated by a continuous stream or recurringsuccession of bubbles. Fluid within the test specimen is alsoevidence of leakage.
 
9.程序
9.1將試樣浸入透明試驗箱內的乙二醇水溶液中。通過攪拌或其他方法盡可能多地從試樣的外表面去除氣泡。
9.1.1如果試驗箱中有足夠的空間可以清楚地觀察每-個試樣，則可同時試驗一個以上的試樣。如果這樣做了，貼上測試樣品，使密封件充分分開，允許每個密封件單獨觀察，以檢測泄漏。
9.2蓋上蓋子，打開進氣管手閥，關閉出氣管手閥。打開真空，使壓力計緩慢上升(從30秒到1分鐘)到95千帕(13.8PSI)，或其他規定的壓差。可以通過打開出口管上的手動閥來控制真空。在真空上升過程中，觀察試樣是否有泄漏，如連續流動或反復出現的連續小氣泡。被困空氣引起的少量氣泡不被認為是泄漏的證據。保持真空至少10分鐘。對于全部或部分塑料制成的單容器或組合容器試樣，保持真空30分鐘。然后關閉真空并通過打開出口管上的手動閥緩慢釋放真空。將試樣在環境壓力下浸泡至少30秒。取出試樣，檢查內部是否有液體。
9.3泄漏是指連續流或連續不斷的氣泡。試樣中的液體也是滲漏的證據。
 
10.Report
10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Identifcation of the containers and closures, usingmanufacturer's part numbers and deseriptions or using ex-ploded view drawings or cross-sectional drawings, including
detailed data on material construction,10.1.2 Total number of specimens tested,10.1.3 Number of specimens tested at one time,10.1.4 Test pressure requirement, where applicable.10.1.5 Whether test was performed at ambient temperatureand if not, the test temperature. If a test solution other than50 % ethylene glycol was used, identify the solution,10.1.6 Whether test specimens passed or failed the test,where applicable,
10.1.7 Whether each test specimen leaked and at whatpressure differential.
10.1.8 Whether test fluid was apparent in each test specimenafter testing,
10.1.9 A statement to the effect that all tests were made infull compliance with the requirements of this test method, ornoting any variations and detailing them.
 
10.報告
10.1報告下列信息
10.1.1容器和密封件的標識，使用制造商的零件號和說明，或使用展開圖或橫截面圖，包括材料結構的詳細數據。
10.1.2試驗的試件總數
10.1.3一次試驗的試件數量，
10.1.4試驗壓力要求，如適用
10.1.5試驗是否在環境溫度下進行，如果不是，試驗溫度。如果使用的是50%乙二醇以外的供試溶液，請鑒定該溶液。
10.1.6試件是否通過或未通過試驗，如適用，
10.1.7各試件是否泄漏，在什么壓差下，
10.1.8試驗后，每個試件中的試驗液是否明顯。
10.1.9說明所有試驗均完全符合本試驗方法要求的聲明，或指出任何變化并詳細說明。

    以上ASTM D4991-2007(2015) 用真空法進行空瓶罐泄漏試驗的標準試驗方法（中文翻譯）,由山東泉科瑞達儀器整理，我司擁有多款軟包裝密封性能測試儀，其原理涉及氣泡法、真空法等多種原理，可分別用于軟袋、塑料瓶、玻璃瓶類包裝的密封與泄漏性能試驗，如欲獲取更多請與我司市場或銷售部門聯絡。
注：標準專業性很高，可能存在翻譯所用術語不夠專業的問題，歡迎相關專家給予指導與斧正。